Publications

Reynolds, S.D., Raoult, V., Cornet, V.J. & Norman, B.M. (in review). Improving whale shark length estimations with drone-based aerial photogrammetry. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems.

Reynolds, S.D., Redcliffe, J., Cornet, V., Raoult, V., Holton, M.D., Wilson, R.P. & Norman, B.M. (2026). Using biotelemetry to assess drone effects on whale sharks. Ecosphere, 17, e70575. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70575

Womersley, F.C., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2026). Methods for tagging whale sharks: insights into performance and best practices with a focus on clamp attachments. Animal Biotelemetry, 14, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-026-00462-4

VanCompernolle, M., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2026). Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at-sea anthropogenic threats. Conservation Biology, 40(1), e70147. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70147

Reynolds, S.D., Redcliffe, J., Norman, B.M., Wilson, R.P., Holton, M.D., Franklin, C.E. & Dwyer, R.G. (2025). Swimming with humans: biotelemetry reveals effects of “gold standard” regulated tourism on whale sharks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 33(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2024.2314624

Sequeira, A.M.M., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2025). Global tracking of marine megafauna space use reveals how to achieve conservation targets. Science, 388(6751), 1086–1097. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adl0239

Miller, I.B., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2025). The Needle in the Haystack: Uncovering the First Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Aggregation in the Coral Sea. Ecology and Evolution, 15(6), e71552. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71552

D’Antonio, B., Ferreira, L.C., Fisher, R., Thums, M., Pattiaratchi, C.B., Sequeira, A.M.M., Faubel, C., Reynolds, S., Norman, B. & Meekan, M. (2025). Natural and artificial structures influence the movement and habitat connectivity of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) across seascapes. Diversity and Distributions, 31, e13950. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13950

Reynolds, S.D., Franklin, C.E., Norman, B.M., Richardson, A.J., Everett, J.D., Schoeman, D.S., White, C.R., Lawson, C.L., Pierce, S.J., Rohner, C.A., Bach, S.S., Comezzi, F.G., Diamant, S., Jaidah, M.Y., Robinson, D.P. & Dwyer, R.G. (2024). Effects of climate warming on energetics and habitat of the world’s largest marine ectotherm. Science of the Total Environment, 951, 175832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175832

Womersley, F.C., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2024). Climate-driven global redistribution of an ocean giant predicts increased threat from shipping. Nature Climate Change, 14, 1282–1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02129-5

Womersley, F.C., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2024). Identifying priority sites for whale shark ship collision management globally. Science of the Total Environment, 934, 172776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172776

Ferreira, L.C., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2023). Exposure of marine megafauna to cumulative anthropogenic threats in north-west Australia. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1229803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1229803

Udyawer, V., Huveneers, C., Jaine, F., … Norman, B.M., … et al. (2023). Scaling of activity space in marine organisms across latitudinal gradients. The American Naturalist, 201(4), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1086/723405

Raoult, V., Pirotta, V., Gaston, T.F., Norman, B., Reynolds, S., Smith, T.M., Double, M., How, J. & Hayward, M.W. (2023). Widespread exposure of marine parks, whales, and whale sharks to shipping. Marine and Freshwater Research, 74(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22050

Reynolds, S.D., Norman, B.M., Franklin, C.E., Bach, S.S., Comezzi, F.G., Diamant, S., Jaidah, M.Y., Robinson, D.P., Rowat, D.R.L., Pierce, S.J. & Dwyer, R.G. (2022). Regional variation in anthropogenic threats to Indian Ocean whale sharks. Global Ecology and Conservation, 33, e01961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01961

Wilson, R.P., Reynolds, S.D., Potts, J.R., Redcliffe, J., Holton, M., Buxton, A., Rose, K. & Norman, B.M. (2022). Highlighting when animals expend excessive energy for travel using Dynamic Body Acceleration. iScience, 25(9), 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105008

Araujo, G., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2022). Improving sightings-derived residency estimation for whale shark aggregations: a novel metric applied to a global data set. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 775691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.775691

Womersley, F.C., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S.D., … et al. (2022). Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(20), e2117440119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117440119

Norman, B.M., Reynolds, S.D. & Morgan, D.L. (2021). Three-way symbiotic relationships in whale sharks. Pacific Conservation Biology, 28(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC20043

Hearn, A.R., Green, J.R., Peñaherrera-Palma, C.R., Reynolds, S., Rohner, C.A., Román, M. & Sequeira, A.M.M. (2021). Whale shark movements and migrations. In A.D.M. Dove & S.J. Pierce (Eds.), Whale Sharks: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 105–127). CRC Press.

Rohner, C.A., Norman, B.M., Reynolds, S., Araujo, G., Holmberg, J. & Pierce, S.J. (2021). Population ecology of whale sharks. In A.D.M. Dove & S.J. Pierce (Eds.), Whale Sharks: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 129–152). CRC Press.

Rowat, D., Womersley, F.C., Norman, B.M. & Pierce, S.J. (2021). Global threats to whale sharks. In A.D.M. Dove & S.J. Pierce (Eds.), Whale Sharks: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 239–265). CRC Press.

Rowat, D., … Norman, B.M., … Reynolds, S., … et al. (2021). Outstanding questions in whale shark research and conservation. In A.D.M. Dove & S.J. Pierce (Eds.), Whale Sharks: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 301–318). CRC Press.

Williams, H.J., Holton, M.D., Shepard, E.L.C., Largey, N., Norman, B., Ryan, P.G., Duriez, O., Scantlebury, M., Quintana, F., Magowan, E.A., Marks, N.J., Alagaili, A.N., Bennett, N.C. & Wilson, R.P. (2017). Identification of animal movement patterns using tri-axial magnetometry. Movement Ecology, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-017-0097-x

Reynolds, S.D., Norman, B.M., Beger, M., Franklin, C.E. & Dwyer, R.G. (2017). Movement, distribution and marine reserve use by an endangered migratory giant. Diversity and Distributions, 23(11), 1268–1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12618

Norman, B.M., Whitty, J.M., Beatty, S.J., Reynolds, S.D. & Morgan, D.L. (2017). Do they stay or do they go? Acoustic monitoring of whale sharks at Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Journal of Fish Biology, 91(6), 1713–1720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13461

Norman, B.M., Holmberg, J.A., Arzoumanian, Z., Reynolds, S.D., Wilson, R.P., … et al. (2017). Undersea constellations: the global biology of an endangered marine megavertebrate further informed through citizen science. BioScience, 67(12), 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix127

Norman, B.M., Reynolds, S. & Morgan, D.L. (2016). Does the whale shark aggregate along the Western Australian coastline beyond Ningaloo Reef? Pacific Conservation Biology, 22(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC15045

Norman, B.M. & Morgan, D.L. (2016). The return of “Stumpy” the whale shark: two decades and counting. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(8), 449–450. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1418

Anderson, D.J., Kobryn, H.T., Norman, B.M., Bejder, L., Tyne, J.A. & Loneragan, N.R. (2014). Spatial and temporal patterns of nature-based tourism interactions with whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 148, 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.023

Gleiss, A.C., Wright, S., Liebsch, N., Wilson, R.P. & Norman, B. (2013). Contrasting diel patterns in vertical movement and locomotor activity of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef. Marine Biology, 160(11), 2981–2992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2288-3

Li, W., Wang, Y. & Norman, B. (2012). A preliminary survey of whale shark Rhincodon typus catch and trade in China: an emerging crisis. Journal of Fish Biology, 80(5), 1608–1618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03250.x

Gleiss, A.C., Norman, B. & Wilson, R.P. (2011). Moved by that sinking feeling: variable diving geometry underlies movement strategies in whale sharks. Functional Ecology, 25(3), 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01801.x

Gleiss, A.C., Jorgensen, S.J., Liebsch, N., Sala, J.E., Norman, B., Hays, G.C., Quintana, F., Grundy, E., Campagna, C., Trites, A.W., Block, B.A. & Wilson, R.P. (2011). Convergent evolution in locomotory patterns of flying and swimming animals. Nature Communications, 2, 352. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1350

Schmidt, J.V., Chen, C.-C., Sheikh, S.I., Meekan, M.G., Norman, B.M. & Joung, S.-J. (2010). Paternity analysis in a litter of whale shark embryos. Endangered Species Research, 12, 117–124. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00300

Catlin, J., Jones, R., Jones, T., Norman, B. & Wood, D. (2010). Discovering wildlife tourism: a whale shark tourism case study. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903019418

Catlin, J., Jones, T., Norman, B. & Wood, D. (2010). Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo Coast region. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(2), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.742

Jones, T., Wood, D., Catlin, J. & Norman, B. (2009). Expenditure and ecotourism: predictors of expenditure for whale shark tour participants. Journal of Ecotourism, 8(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802517922

Gleiss, A.C., Norman, B., Liebsch, N., Francis, C. & Wilson, R.P. (2009). A new prospect for tagging large free-swimming sharks with motion-sensitive data-loggers. Fisheries Research, 97(1–2), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.12.012

Holmberg, J., Norman, B. & Arzoumanian, Z. (2008). Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecological Applications, 18(1), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0315.1

Norman, B.M. & Stevens, J.D. (2007). Size and maturity status of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. Fisheries Research, 84(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.11.015

Arzoumanian, Z., Holmberg, J. & Norman, B. (2005). An astronomical pattern-matching algorithm for computer-aided identification of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6), 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01117.x

Norman, B.M., Newbound, D.R. & Knott, B. (2000). A new species of Pandaridae (Copepoda), from the whale shark Rhincodon typus (Smith). Journal of Natural History, 34(3), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300299534

Gunn, J.S., Stevens, J.D., Davis, T.L.O. & Norman, B.M. (1999). Observations on the short-term movements and behaviour of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine Biology, 135(3), 553–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050656